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英语名词知识点

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英语名词知识点本文简介:超越外语高考复习语法知识汇总材料第一章名词l名词的数一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别1.定义:可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词2.可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:1)可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形

英语名词知识点本文内容:

超越外语高考复习语法知识汇总材料

第一章

l

名词的数

一、

可数名词和不可数名词的区别

1.

定义:

可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分

不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词

2.

可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:

1)

可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不可以被a/an修饰,且没有复数形式

2)

有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词

ü

只能修饰可数名词的有:few,many=

a

number

of,a

great/good

many,a

great

many

of等

ü

只能修饰不可数名词的有:much,little,a

large

amount

of,a

great

deal

of

ü

即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some,any,plenty

of,a

lot

of,a

large

quantity

of

ü

只能修饰可数名词单数的有:

many

a,more

than

one

3)

有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:

Bread-

a

loaf,work-

a

job,clothing-

a

garment,poetry-

a

poem,traffic-

a

vehicle,jewellery-

a

jewel

4)

有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:

Time时间-

times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式-

manners礼貌,

water水-

waters水域

二、

可数名词复数的构成规则如下:

1.

大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:

Cup

–cups,truck-trucks

2.

以因素[s]

[z][

t?][d?]

[?]

,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加-

es,如,

Bus-

buses,box-boxes,bridge

–bridges,watch-

watches

3.

以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

City-

cities,party-

parties,body-

bodies

4.

以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Boy-

boys,play-

plays,day-

days,key-

keys

5.

以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:

1)

Hero-

heroes,potato-

potatoes,tomato-

tomatoes,negro-

negroes,mango-

mangoes,buffalo-

buffaloes,echo(回声)-echoes,tornado(龙卷风)-

tornadoes,torpedo(鱼雷)-

torpedoes,domino(多米诺骨牌)-

dominoes,veto(否决,否决权)-

vetoes,mosquito(蚊子)-

mosquitoes

2)

一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:

Piano-

pianos,solo(独唱,独奏)-

solos,concerto(协奏曲)-

concertos,tobacco-

tobaccos,motto(座右铭)-mottos,cello(大提琴)-

cellos

3)

一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:

Kilo(

kilogram)-kilos,photo(

photograph)-

photos,memo(memorandum)-

memos

6.

以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Video-

videos,radio-

radios,studio-

studios,folio(对开纸)-

folios,oratorio(清唱剧)-

oratorios,embryo(胚胎)-

embryos,zoo-

zoos,bamboo(竹子)-

bamboos,kangaroo-

kangaroos,taboo(戒律)-

taboos

注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s也可加es,如:

volcano

7.

一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f,fe变成v,再加es,如:

Half-

halves,leaf-

leaves,knife-

knives,thief-

thieves,self-selves,life-

lives,wife-

wives,shelf-

shelves,loaf-

loaves,wolf-

wolves

口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半

8.

一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:

Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs,serf(农奴)-serfs,belief-

beliefs,chief(酋长)-

chiefs,cliff(悬崖)-

cliffs,proof-

proofs,roof-

roofs

口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶

注:以上两种情况均可的

Wharf(码头),dwarf(侏儒),scarf(围巾),handkerchief(手绢),9.

名词变复数不规则变化大体有以下变化

1)

单复数形不同,如

Man

–men,woman-

women,foot-

feet,tooth-

teeth,mouse-

mice,child-

children,emphasis(

强调)-

emphases

注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:

Englishman-

Englishmen,Frenchman-

Frenchmen,dustman-

dustmen

但German-

Gemans,human-

humans因为他们不是合成词

2)

单复数词形相同,如

Deer,sheep,fish,works,(工厂)

means(

方式、途径),Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,bellows(

风箱),series,crossroad,horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如:

yuan,li,jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此列,如:dollar-

dollars,pound-

pounds,metre-metres

除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意以下几个方面

有些名词只有复数形式,一般不直接受数词或a(an)修饰,如果要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes,glasses,trousers,compasses,scissors(

剪刀)等

A

pair

of

glasses,two

suits

of

clothes

注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如

A

pair

of

glasses

is

on

the

table

Two

pairs

of

glasses

are

on

the

table

3)

有些名词只有复数,没有单数

Police,people,cattle

4)

有些***名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:

Family,class,group,team,party,public等。

比较下列句子

The

team

is

made

up

of

12

members

The

team

are

having

a

bath

now

My

family

is

going

to

move

to

Paris

My

family

usually

watch

TV

after

supper

5)

合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如

passer-by变成

passers-by,grown-up变成

growns-up,father

–in

–law

变成fathers

-in

–law,boy

student-

boy

students

6)

以s

结尾的专用名词,如:

the

New

York

Times,the

United

Nations,the

United

States等,表示事物的整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:

The

United

States

is

a

highly

developed

country

The

Alps

are

in

Europe

7)

字母、数字、引语或缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加‘s或s,

There

are

two

f‘s

in

the

word”office”

Many

VIPs

are

coming

to

our

city

8)

名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数的(如shoes)或总用作复数的名词(如trousers)也是如此如:

There

are

twenty

boy

students

in

our

class

They

are

his

girl

friends

Trouser

pockets

注意:

a)

当sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales

和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如

A

sports

car一辆赛车,a

customs

officer一个海关官员,arms

production武器的生产,a

clothes

shop一家服装店,a

salesgirl一个女售货员,

an

accounts

department一个会计部门

b)

但当

man,woman作定语时,如果被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数。如:

A

woman

doctor,two

women

doctors;

a

man

teacher,two

men

teachers

三、

不可数名词的数

不可数名词一般情况下没有复数变化。物质名词需要计数时,通常用起量词作用的名词词组来表示,如

A

piece

of

advice/

work/

news/

meat/

coal/

music

A

cup

of

tea/

coffee/

water/,two

bottles

of

milk,a

bag

of

rice

A

set

of

furniture,two

drops

of

water

注意:

1.

有些不可数名词是以s结尾,不要误以为是可数名词,如

News,maths,physics,politics等,它们如作主语,谓语用单数

2.

在有些情况下,名词作定语,和of作定语,含义不同,如

A

cup

of

coffee一杯咖啡,

a

coffee

cup

咖啡杯

l

名词的格

现代英语名词有两个格,通格和所有格。当名词在句中做主语,宾语或补语时,名词无词性变化,称之为通格,当一个名词去修饰句中另一个名词时,有时用通格,有时用‘s属格,或of

属格

1.

所有格的构成

在名词后加‘s,如

Mary’s

books,the

boy’s

girl

friend

1)

如果名词以s结尾,变复数时再词尾的s右上方加’

The

students’

desks,these

girls’

mother

2)

如果名词复数是不规则名词,所有格的构成是加‘s,如

The

Children’s

Palace,women’s

clothes

3)

当and连接两个或几个并列名词时,如果所有格后的名词为两人或几人共同所有,只将最后一个名词变成所有格,如:

Tom

and

Mary’s

books;

Jean

and

my

sister’s

books

4)

如果所有格后的名词为两个或几个分别所有,则在每个名词后都加‘s,如:

Tom’s

and

Mary’s

mother;John’s

and

Jean’s

photos

5)

表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等所有格后的名词可省略,尤其当后面的名词是表示处所的名词

At

the

doctor’s,at

the

tailor’s,at

the

teacher’s,at

the

barber’s

2.

‘s属格与of属格的通用和区别

1)

一般来说,‘s属格多用于有生命的名词,而of属格则主要用于无生命的名词(但在现代英语中,这一界限已被打破,如:Newton’s

laws,也可以说成

the

laws

of

Newton;

the

rules

of

the

game,

也可以说成the

game’s

rules)

注:a)

有生命的名词也可用of所有格形式,如:a

photo

of

the

baby

b)

但当’s属格表示“类别”属性,不可用Of属格,如:

A

doctor’s

degree博士学位,a

teacher’s

book教师用书

2)

如果‘s属格表示的是具体名词“个别”的属性,可用of属格,如:

The

doctor’s

arrival=

the

arrival

of

the

doctor

注:a

doctor’s

degree,a

teacher’s

book表示的是“泛指类别”,没有具体指哪个人,而the

doctor

‘s

arrival表示的是“具体的特征”,译成“那位医生的到来”,可以换成

the

arrival

of

the

doctor

3)

名词通格作定语和‘s属格作定语的差别。

名词通格作定语表示泛指的类别,‘s属格作定语表示具体的特指。如:

Car

engines

are

made

in

this

factory(轿车发动机,不是其他类别的发动机)

That

car’s

engine

needs

repairing(那台轿车的发动机,具体特指)

They

are

having

afternoon

tea(他们在喝午茶)

Yesterday’s

afternoon

tea

has

gone

bad(昨天的午茶坏了)

4)

表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加‘s或’构成所有格如:

用于时间

an

hour’s

ride

用于度量

thirteen

tons’

weight

用于价值

a

hundred

yuan’s

order

用于天体

the

earth’s

satellite

用于国家

Belgium’s

capital

用于城市

Changchun’s

agriculture

注:当today,yesterday,tomorrow分别表示“现在,过去,将来”时,只能用of属格,如:

地点加‘s作定语,表示的关系是“所属”和范围,相应形容词作定语,说明的是属性和性质。如:

China’s

resources(资源世界各国都有,China’s

resources指在中国范围内,属于中国的资源)

China’s

agriculture,China’s

industry,Beijing’s

streets

Chinese

history(世界各国都有本国的历史,China’s

resources是阐述中国的历史,说明历史的属性)

China’s

food,Chinese

food

二、

双重所属格

1.

构成

A

/two/this/that/these/those+名词+of+所有格/名词性物主代词。如:

That

invention

of

his

will

greatly

benefit

the

whole

world

I

don’t

like

that

daughter

of

yours.

He

is

a

friend

of

my

father’s.

2.

双重所有格与所有格的区别

He

is

my

father’s

friend.

他是我父亲的朋友(说明一件事实)

He

is

a

friend

of

my

father’s.

他是我父亲的一个朋友(强调数量,相当于He

is

one

of

my

father’s

friends)

His

invention

will

greatly

benefit

the

whole

world(说明事实)

That

invention

of

his

will

greatly

benefit

the

whole

world。(带有赞扬的感***彩)

注:有些名词,在of后面有所属格和普通格,含义不同。常用的这类名词有opinion(意见)/portrait/

picture/

photo/

criticism(批评)。比较:

An

opinion

of

the

teacher对教师的意见

An

opinion

of

the

teacher’s教师的意见

A

portrait

of

my

father,我父亲的肖像

A

portrait

of

my

father’s我父亲收藏的肖像

A

photo

of

him一张他的照片

A

photo

of

his

他所拥有的一张照片

A

criticism

of

the

headmaster对校长的批评

A

criticism

of

the

headmaster’s校长的批评

单项选择

3.

It

is

known

to

all

that

an

ant

has

_______.

(

)

A.

a

stomach

B.

two

stomach

C.

two

stomaches

D

two

stomachs

4.

_______

like

eating________

.

(

)

A.

Heroes,potatos

B.

Negroes,potatoes

C.

Heros,potatos

D.

Negros,potatoes

5.

The

housewives

cooked

two

_______

and

she

asked

us

to

help

ourselves

to

some______.

(

)

A.

chicken,chickens

B.

chickens,chickens

C.

chickens,chicken

D.

chicken,chicken

6.

I

saw

______

lying

on

the

ground.

(

)

A.

a

ten-

pound

note

B.

a

ten-

pounds

note

C.

ten-pound

note

D.

ten-

pounds

notes

7.

These

_____

are

playing

with

these

______.

(

)

A.

babys,monkeys

B.

babies,monkeis

C.

babies,monkeys

D.

babys,monkies

8.

Long

live

the

friendship

between

______

of

China

and

Japan!

(

)

A.

two

people

B.

the

two

people

C.

the

two

peoples

D.

two

peoples

9.

We

had

many

_______

taken

on

the

Great

Wall.

(

)

A.

photos

B.

a

photo

C.

photo

D.

pieces

of

photos

10.

Some

______

lay

eggs

in

the

water,others

produce

living

young.

(

)

A.

fish

B.

fishes

C.

fishs

D.

kind

of

fish

11.

Mr.

Smith

goes

to

church

on

_______.

(

)

A.

a

Sunday

B.

Sundays

C.

the

Sunday

D.

the

Sundays

12.

I’ll

give

you

______

to

finish

the

work.

(

)

A.

two

weeks

time

B.

two

week’s

time

C.

a

two-

week

time

D.

two

weeks’

time

13.

We

must

find

______

to

reach

him

A.

way

B.

a

means

C.

a

mean

D.

meaning

14.

Father

bought

______

for

us

the

other

day

A.

tooth

brush

B.

teeth-

brushes

C.

tooth-

brushes

D.

teeth

brush

15.

Let’s

change

_____

A.

seat

B.

a

seat

C.

seats

D.

the

seat

16.

We

can

meet

at____

A.

Mr.

Brown

B.

Mr.

Brown’s

C.

Mr.

Browns’

D.

Mr.

Browns

17.

Isn’t

it

getting

dark

early?

--

I

think

so.

I

see

____

are

already

on.

A.

the

lights

of

the

street

B.

the

street

lights

C.

the

street’s

lights

D.

the

light

street

18.

There

are

______

in

this

class

A.

four

Marys

B.

the

four

Marys

C.

four

Marries

D.

the

four

Marries

19.

He

shot

two

wild

_____

and

caught

five

_____

A.

sheep,fishes

B.

sheeps,fish

C.

sheeps,fishes

D.

sheep,fish

20.

______will

be

sent

to

work

in

our

hospital

A.

A

man

doctor

and

two

woman

doctors

B.

A

men

doctor

and

two

women

doctors

C.

A

man

doctor

and

two

women

doctors

D,A

man

doctor

and

two

woman

doctors

21.

The

heavy

flood

caused

ten

______

A.

dead

B.

death

C.

deaths

D.

die

22.

Yesterday

afternoon,I

and

my

mother

went

to

several

____

shops

A.

flower

B.

flowers

C.

flower’s

D.flowers’

~

~

6

~

~

TAG: 英语名词

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