英语名词知识点
英语名词知识点本文简介:超越外语高考复习语法知识汇总材料第一章名词l名词的数一、可数名词和不可数名词的区别1.定义:可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词2.可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:1)可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形
英语名词知识点本文内容:
超越外语高考复习语法知识汇总材料
第一章
名
词
l
名词的数
一、
可数名词和不可数名词的区别
1.
定义:
可数名词:普通名词中的个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,有单复数之分
不可数名词:没有单复数之分,物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词
2.
可数名词和不可数名词的主要区别:
1)
可数名词可以被a/an修饰,且有复数形式,而不可数名词不可以被a/an修饰,且没有复数形式
2)
有些限定词只能修饰可数名词,某些则只能修饰不可数名词,而某些则既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词
ü
只能修饰可数名词的有:few,many=
a
number
of,a
great/good
many,a
great
many
of等
ü
只能修饰不可数名词的有:much,little,a
large
amount
of,a
great
deal
of
ü
即可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有:some,any,plenty
of,a
lot
of,a
large
quantity
of
ü
只能修饰可数名词单数的有:
many
a,more
than
one
3)
有些不可数名词有相应的名词表其个体:
Bread-
a
loaf,work-
a
job,clothing-
a
garment,poetry-
a
poem,traffic-
a
vehicle,jewellery-
a
jewel
4)
有些不可数名词加s,含义发生变化。如:
Time时间-
times时代;paper纸-papers文件,报纸,论文,卷纸;manner方式-
manners礼貌,
water水-
waters水域
二、
可数名词复数的构成规则如下:
1.
大部分名词构成复数时,在词尾加s,如:
Cup
–cups,truck-trucks
2.
以因素[s]
[z][
t?][d?]
[?]
,结尾的名词构成复数时,在词尾加-
es,如,
Bus-
buses,box-boxes,bridge
–bridges,watch-
watches
3.
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
City-
cities,party-
parties,body-
bodies
4.
以元音字母加y结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Boy-
boys,play-
plays,day-
days,key-
keys
5.
以辅音字母加o结尾的名词构成复数时,通常在词尾加es,也有特殊情况,如:
1)
Hero-
heroes,potato-
potatoes,tomato-
tomatoes,negro-
negroes,mango-
mangoes,buffalo-
buffaloes,echo(回声)-echoes,tornado(龙卷风)-
tornadoes,torpedo(鱼雷)-
torpedoes,domino(多米诺骨牌)-
dominoes,veto(否决,否决权)-
vetoes,mosquito(蚊子)-
mosquitoes
2)
一些外来词,特别是音乐方面的词,在词尾加s,如:
Piano-
pianos,solo(独唱,独奏)-
solos,concerto(协奏曲)-
concertos,tobacco-
tobaccos,motto(座右铭)-mottos,cello(大提琴)-
cellos
3)
一些缩写词和专有名词,在词尾加s,如:
Kilo(
kilogram)-kilos,photo(
photograph)-
photos,memo(memorandum)-
memos
6.
以元音字母加o的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Video-
videos,radio-
radios,studio-
studios,folio(对开纸)-
folios,oratorio(清唱剧)-
oratorios,embryo(胚胎)-
embryos,zoo-
zoos,bamboo(竹子)-
bamboos,kangaroo-
kangaroos,taboo(戒律)-
taboos
注:有些以O结尾的单词,即可加s也可加es,如:
volcano
7.
一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,把f,fe变成v,再加es,如:
Half-
halves,leaf-
leaves,knife-
knives,thief-
thieves,self-selves,life-
lives,wife-
wives,shelf-
shelves,loaf-
loaves,wolf-
wolves
口诀:为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和一片树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成了两半
8.
一些以f,fe结尾的名词构成复数时,直接加s,如:
Gulf(鸿沟)-gulfs,serf(农奴)-serfs,belief-
beliefs,chief(酋长)-
chiefs,cliff(悬崖)-
cliffs,proof-
proofs,roof-
roofs
口诀:海湾农奴信酋长,悬崖证据上房顶
注:以上两种情况均可的
Wharf(码头),dwarf(侏儒),scarf(围巾),handkerchief(手绢),9.
名词变复数不规则变化大体有以下变化
1)
单复数形不同,如
Man
–men,woman-
women,foot-
feet,tooth-
teeth,mouse-
mice,child-
children,emphasis(
强调)-
emphases
注:以man构成的合成词,是man变成men如:
Englishman-
Englishmen,Frenchman-
Frenchmen,dustman-
dustmen
但German-
Gemans,human-
humans因为他们不是合成词
2)
单复数词形相同,如
Deer,sheep,fish,works,(工厂)
means(
方式、途径),Chinese,Japanese,Swiss,bellows(
风箱),series,crossroad,horsepower及由汉语拼音拼出的计量单位,如:
yuan,li,jin,英语中原有的计量单位不在此列,如:dollar-
dollars,pound-
pounds,metre-metres
除上述情况外,关于名词数的问题还应注意以下几个方面
有些名词只有复数形式,一般不直接受数词或a(an)修饰,如果要表示数量用相应的起量词作用的名词。Clothes,glasses,trousers,compasses,scissors(
剪刀)等
A
pair
of
glasses,two
suits
of
clothes
注意:此时谓语动词和前面的量词保持一致。如
A
pair
of
glasses
is
on
the
table
Two
pairs
of
glasses
are
on
the
table
3)
有些名词只有复数,没有单数
Police,people,cattle
4)
有些***名词即可做单数,指整体;又可作复数,指该集体的成员,指整体时,谓语用单数;指成员时,谓语用复数。常用的名词有:
Family,class,group,team,party,public等。
比较下列句子
The
team
is
made
up
of
12
members
The
team
are
having
a
bath
now
My
family
is
going
to
move
to
Paris
My
family
usually
watch
TV
after
supper
5)
合成名词的复数形式,通常将其中所包含的中心词变为复数,如
passer-by变成
passers-by,grown-up变成
growns-up,father
–in
–law
变成fathers
-in
–law,boy
student-
boy
students
6)
以s
结尾的专用名词,如:
the
New
York
Times,the
United
Nations,the
United
States等,表示事物的整体,谓语用单数,但有些表示群岛,山脉的专有名词,谓语常用复数。如:
The
United
States
is
a
highly
developed
country
The
Alps
are
in
Europe
7)
字母、数字、引语或缩略(词)语的复数形式是在其后加‘s或s,
如
There
are
two
f‘s
in
the
word”office”
Many
VIPs
are
coming
to
our
city
8)
名词作定语,通常用单数形式,即使在意义上是复数的(如shoes)或总用作复数的名词(如trousers)也是如此如:
There
are
twenty
boy
students
in
our
class
They
are
his
girl
friends
Trouser
pockets
注意:
a)
当sports,customs,arms,clothes,sales
和accounts做定语时,不能变成单数修饰名词,如
A
sports
car一辆赛车,a
customs
officer一个海关官员,arms
production武器的生产,a
clothes
shop一家服装店,a
salesgirl一个女售货员,
an
accounts
department一个会计部门
b)
但当
man,woman作定语时,如果被修饰的名词是复数,man和woman也要变成复数。如:
A
woman
doctor,two
women
doctors;
a
man
teacher,two
men
teachers
三、
不可数名词的数
不可数名词一般情况下没有复数变化。物质名词需要计数时,通常用起量词作用的名词词组来表示,如
A
piece
of
advice/
work/
news/
meat/
coal/
music
A
cup
of
tea/
coffee/
water/,two
bottles
of
milk,a
bag
of
rice
A
set
of
furniture,two
drops
of
water
注意:
1.
有些不可数名词是以s结尾,不要误以为是可数名词,如
News,maths,physics,politics等,它们如作主语,谓语用单数
2.
在有些情况下,名词作定语,和of作定语,含义不同,如
A
cup
of
coffee一杯咖啡,
a
coffee
cup
咖啡杯
l
名词的格
现代英语名词有两个格,通格和所有格。当名词在句中做主语,宾语或补语时,名词无词性变化,称之为通格,当一个名词去修饰句中另一个名词时,有时用通格,有时用‘s属格,或of
属格
1.
所有格的构成
在名词后加‘s,如
Mary’s
books,the
boy’s
girl
friend
1)
如果名词以s结尾,变复数时再词尾的s右上方加’
The
students’
desks,these
girls’
mother
2)
如果名词复数是不规则名词,所有格的构成是加‘s,如
The
Children’s
Palace,women’s
clothes
3)
当and连接两个或几个并列名词时,如果所有格后的名词为两人或几人共同所有,只将最后一个名词变成所有格,如:
Tom
and
Mary’s
books;
Jean
and
my
sister’s
books
4)
如果所有格后的名词为两个或几个分别所有,则在每个名词后都加‘s,如:
Tom’s
and
Mary’s
mother;John’s
and
Jean’s
photos
5)
表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等所有格后的名词可省略,尤其当后面的名词是表示处所的名词
At
the
doctor’s,at
the
tailor’s,at
the
teacher’s,at
the
barber’s
2.
‘s属格与of属格的通用和区别
1)
一般来说,‘s属格多用于有生命的名词,而of属格则主要用于无生命的名词(但在现代英语中,这一界限已被打破,如:Newton’s
laws,也可以说成
the
laws
of
Newton;
the
rules
of
the
game,
也可以说成the
game’s
rules)
注:a)
有生命的名词也可用of所有格形式,如:a
photo
of
the
baby
b)
但当’s属格表示“类别”属性,不可用Of属格,如:
A
doctor’s
degree博士学位,a
teacher’s
book教师用书
2)
如果‘s属格表示的是具体名词“个别”的属性,可用of属格,如:
The
doctor’s
arrival=
the
arrival
of
the
doctor
注:a
doctor’s
degree,a
teacher’s
book表示的是“泛指类别”,没有具体指哪个人,而the
doctor
‘s
arrival表示的是“具体的特征”,译成“那位医生的到来”,可以换成
the
arrival
of
the
doctor
3)
名词通格作定语和‘s属格作定语的差别。
名词通格作定语表示泛指的类别,‘s属格作定语表示具体的特指。如:
Car
engines
are
made
in
this
factory(轿车发动机,不是其他类别的发动机)
That
car’s
engine
needs
repairing(那台轿车的发动机,具体特指)
They
are
having
afternoon
tea(他们在喝午茶)
Yesterday’s
afternoon
tea
has
gone
bad(昨天的午茶坏了)
4)
表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加‘s或’构成所有格如:
用于时间
an
hour’s
ride
用于度量
thirteen
tons’
weight
用于价值
a
hundred
yuan’s
order
用于天体
the
earth’s
satellite
用于国家
Belgium’s
capital
用于城市
Changchun’s
agriculture
注:当today,yesterday,tomorrow分别表示“现在,过去,将来”时,只能用of属格,如:
地点加‘s作定语,表示的关系是“所属”和范围,相应形容词作定语,说明的是属性和性质。如:
China’s
resources(资源世界各国都有,China’s
resources指在中国范围内,属于中国的资源)
China’s
agriculture,China’s
industry,Beijing’s
streets
Chinese
history(世界各国都有本国的历史,China’s
resources是阐述中国的历史,说明历史的属性)
China’s
food,Chinese
food
二、
双重所属格
1.
构成
A
/two/this/that/these/those+名词+of+所有格/名词性物主代词。如:
That
invention
of
his
will
greatly
benefit
the
whole
world
I
don’t
like
that
daughter
of
yours.
He
is
a
friend
of
my
father’s.
2.
双重所有格与所有格的区别
He
is
my
father’s
friend.
他是我父亲的朋友(说明一件事实)
He
is
a
friend
of
my
father’s.
他是我父亲的一个朋友(强调数量,相当于He
is
one
of
my
father’s
friends)
His
invention
will
greatly
benefit
the
whole
world(说明事实)
That
invention
of
his
will
greatly
benefit
the
whole
world。(带有赞扬的感***彩)
注:有些名词,在of后面有所属格和普通格,含义不同。常用的这类名词有opinion(意见)/portrait/
picture/
photo/
criticism(批评)。比较:
An
opinion
of
the
teacher对教师的意见
An
opinion
of
the
teacher’s教师的意见
A
portrait
of
my
father,我父亲的肖像
A
portrait
of
my
father’s我父亲收藏的肖像
A
photo
of
him一张他的照片
A
photo
of
his
他所拥有的一张照片
A
criticism
of
the
headmaster对校长的批评
A
criticism
of
the
headmaster’s校长的批评
单项选择
3.
It
is
known
to
all
that
an
ant
has
_______.
(
)
A.
a
stomach
B.
two
stomach
C.
two
stomaches
D
two
stomachs
4.
_______
like
eating________
.
(
)
A.
Heroes,potatos
B.
Negroes,potatoes
C.
Heros,potatos
D.
Negros,potatoes
5.
The
housewives
cooked
two
_______
and
she
asked
us
to
help
ourselves
to
some______.
(
)
A.
chicken,chickens
B.
chickens,chickens
C.
chickens,chicken
D.
chicken,chicken
6.
I
saw
______
lying
on
the
ground.
(
)
A.
a
ten-
pound
note
B.
a
ten-
pounds
note
C.
ten-pound
note
D.
ten-
pounds
notes
7.
These
_____
are
playing
with
these
______.
(
)
A.
babys,monkeys
B.
babies,monkeis
C.
babies,monkeys
D.
babys,monkies
8.
Long
live
the
friendship
between
______
of
China
and
Japan!
(
)
A.
two
people
B.
the
two
people
C.
the
two
peoples
D.
two
peoples
9.
We
had
many
_______
taken
on
the
Great
Wall.
(
)
A.
photos
B.
a
photo
C.
photo
D.
pieces
of
photos
10.
Some
______
lay
eggs
in
the
water,others
produce
living
young.
(
)
A.
fish
B.
fishes
C.
fishs
D.
kind
of
fish
11.
Mr.
Smith
goes
to
church
on
_______.
(
)
A.
a
Sunday
B.
Sundays
C.
the
Sunday
D.
the
Sundays
12.
I’ll
give
you
______
to
finish
the
work.
(
)
A.
two
weeks
time
B.
two
week’s
time
C.
a
two-
week
time
D.
two
weeks’
time
13.
We
must
find
______
to
reach
him
A.
way
B.
a
means
C.
a
mean
D.
meaning
14.
Father
bought
______
for
us
the
other
day
A.
tooth
–
brush
B.
teeth-
brushes
C.
tooth-
brushes
D.
teeth
brush
15.
Let’s
change
_____
A.
seat
B.
a
seat
C.
seats
D.
the
seat
16.
We
can
meet
at____
A.
Mr.
Brown
B.
Mr.
Brown’s
C.
Mr.
Browns’
D.
Mr.
Browns
17.
Isn’t
it
getting
dark
early?
--
I
think
so.
I
see
____
are
already
on.
A.
the
lights
of
the
street
B.
the
street
lights
C.
the
street’s
lights
D.
the
light
street
18.
There
are
______
in
this
class
A.
four
Marys
B.
the
four
Marys
C.
four
Marries
D.
the
four
Marries
19.
He
shot
two
wild
_____
and
caught
five
_____
A.
sheep,fishes
B.
sheeps,fish
C.
sheeps,fishes
D.
sheep,fish
20.
______will
be
sent
to
work
in
our
hospital
A.
A
man
doctor
and
two
woman
doctors
B.
A
men
doctor
and
two
women
doctors
C.
A
man
doctor
and
two
women
doctors
D,A
man
doctor
and
two
woman
doctors
21.
The
heavy
flood
caused
ten
______
A.
dead
B.
death
C.
deaths
D.
die
22.
Yesterday
afternoon,I
and
my
mother
went
to
several
____
shops
A.
flower
B.
flowers
C.
flower’s
D.flowers’
~
~
6
~
~
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